1.什么是JUC?

  JUC全称 java.util.concurrent 是在并发编程中很常用的实用工具类

2. volatile 关键字内存可见性  

  2.1 内存可见性问题,先看下面这段代码

package juc;

public class TestVolatile {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadDemo td = new ThreadDemo();
        new Thread(td).start();
        while (true){
            if(td.isFlag()){
                System.out.println("-----------------------------");
                break;
            }
        }
    }

}

class ThreadDemo implements Runnable{

    private boolean flag = false;

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(200);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        flag = true;
        System.out.println("flag="+flag);
    }

    public boolean isFlag(){
        return flag;
    }
}

 Java基础学习:JUC篇-冯金伟博客园

   将上面的代码拿到IDEA去运行,发现控制台只打印输出了flag=true,按照正常的情况,应该将 System.out.println(“—————————–“);,此段代码也执行了才对,为什么这里却没有执行呢?这里涉及到了一个内存可见性问题,原因是此段代码中有两个

线程在执行,一个是主线程Main,一个是子线程,JDK会默认为每一个线程都提供一个缓存,提升效率,这就导致了一个问题,两个线程都拥有一个缓存的flag值,子线程虽然执行了flag = true;但此时修改的flag值只是自己副本的flag值,Main也是读取自己的flag值,

所以导致上述的问题存在。 

  PS:内存可见性问题是,当多个线程操作共享数据时,彼此不可见。

  2.2  如何解决?

    2.2.1 synchronized 关键字,同步锁能保证数据的及时更新,能够解决问题,但是这样用会导致线程阻塞,影响效率。

while (true){
    synchronized (td) {
        if (td.isFlag()) {
            System.out.println("-----------------------------");
            break;
        }
    }
}

    2.2.2 volatile 关键字:当多个线程操作共享数据时,可以保证内存中的数据可见,相较于synchronized是一种较为轻量级的同步策略。注意:1.volatile 不具备“互斥性”,2.volatile 不能保证变量的“原子性”

private volatile boolean flag = false;

 3.原子性

  3.1原子性问题,先看下面这段代码

package juc;

public class TestAtomicDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        AtomicDemo ad = new AtomicDemo();
        for(int i = 0;i<10;i++){
            new Thread(ad).start();
        }
    }
}

class AtomicDemo implements Runnable{

    private int serialNumber = 0;

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(200);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println(getSerialNumber());
    }

    public int getSerialNumber(){
        return serialNumber++;
    }
}

  将上面的代码运行,我们发现有几率会出现,原子性问题,那么为什么会出现此问题呢,我们得研究一下i++的原理,i++的操作实际上分为三个步骤“读-改-写”

int i = 10;
i = i ++;
int temp = i;
i = i + 1;
i = temp;

  通过上面的分析我们可以得出,即使在serialNumber上修饰volatile关键字,也无法将此问题解决,那么我们要如何解决?

  3.2 JUC( java.util.concurrent.atomic ) 提供了原子变量

    3.2.1 通过观察里面的类,可以发现,里面的类的变量都是用volatile修饰,保证内存可见性,CAS(compare-and-swap)算法保证数据的原子性,CAS算法时硬件对于并发操作共享数据的支持,CAS包含了三个操作数:内存值V预估值A更新值 ,当且仅当

V==A时,V=B,否则,将不做任何操作

// private int serialNumber = 0;
private AtomicInteger serialNumber = new AtomicInteger(0);

    将代码修改为原子变量,即可解决上述的原子性问题

4.ConcurrentHashMap锁分段机制

  4.1 Java5.0在java.util.concurrent 包中提供了多种并发容器来改进同步容器的性能

  4.2 ConcurrentHashMap同步容器是Java5增加的一个线程安全的哈希表,对与多线程的操作,介于HashMap与HashTable之间。内部采用“锁分段”机制代替Hashtable的独占锁。进而提高性能。

  4.3 此包还提供了设计用于多线程上下文中的Collection实现:ConcurrentHashMap、ConcurrentSkipListMap、ConcurrentSkipListSet、CopyOnWriteArrayList和CopyOnWriteArraySet。当期望许多线程访问一个给定collection时, ConcurrentHashMap通

常优于同步的HashMap,ConcurrentSkipListMap通常优于同步的TreeMap.当期望的读数和遍历远远大于列表的更新数时,CopyOnWriteArrList优于同步的ArrayList

5.CountDownLatch闭锁操作

  5.1 Java5.0在Java.util.concurrent包中提供了多种并发容器类来改进同步容器的性能

  5.2 CountDownLatch 一个同步辅助类,在完成一组正在其他线程中执行的操作之前,它允许一个或多个线程一直等待。

  5.3 闭锁可以延迟线程的进度直到其达到终止状态,闭锁可以用来确保某些活动直到其他活动都完成才继续执行:

    5.3.1 确保某个计算在其需要的所有资源都被初始化之后才继续执行

    5.3.2 确保某个服务在其依赖的所有其他服务都已经启动之后才启动

    5.3.3 等待直到某个操作所有参与者都准备就绪在继续执行

  5.4 CountDownLatch:闭锁,在完成某些运算时,只有其他所有的线程的运算全部完成,当前运算才算执行。以下代码是用通过闭锁计算10线程执行的时间

  5.5 CountDownLatch演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;

public class TestCountDownLatch {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(5);
        LatchDemo ld = new LatchDemo(latch);
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for(int i = 0;i<5;i++){
            new Thread(ld).start();
        }
        try {
            latch.await();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("耗费时间为:"+(end - start));
    }

}

class LatchDemo implements Runnable{
    private CountDownLatch latch;
    public LatchDemo(CountDownLatch latch){
        this.latch = latch;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (this) {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 50000; i++) {
                    if (i % 2 == 0) {
                        System.out.println(i);
                    }
                }
            }finally {
                latch.countDown();
            }
        }
    }
}

6.实现Callable接口

  6.1 创建执行线程的方式三:实现Callble接口。相较于实现Runnable接口的方式,方法可以有返回值,并且可以抛出异常

  6.2 Callable演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;

public class TestCallable {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadDemo td = new ThreadDemo();
        // 1.执行Callable方式,需要FutureTask实现类的支持,用于接收运算结果。
        FutureTask<Integer> result = new FutureTask<Integer>(td);
        new Thread(result).start();

        // 2.接收线程运算后的结果
        try {
           Integer sum =  result.get();
           System.out.println(sum);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

class ThreadDemo implements Callable<Integer>{

    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i<=100;i++){
            System.out.println(i);
            sum+=i;
        }
        return sum;
    }
}

7.Lock同步锁

  7.1  用于解决多线程安全问题的方式,synchronized:隐式锁,同步代码块、同步方法Jdk1.5后:同步锁Lock,是一种显式锁 ,需要通过lock()方式上锁,必须通过unlock方法进行释放锁;

  7.2 同步锁演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class TestLock {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Ticket tk = new Ticket();

        new Thread(tk,"1 号").start();
        new Thread(tk,"2 号").start();
        new Thread(tk,"3 号").start();
    }
}

class Ticket implements Runnable{

    private int tick = 100;

    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (true) {
            lock.lock();
            try {
                if(tick > 0) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(20);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "完成售票,余票:" + --tick);
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
}

8.如何使用Lock实现等待唤醒机制

  8.1 Lock实现等待唤醒机制演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class TestProductorAndConsumer {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Clerk clerk = new Clerk();
        Productor pro = new Productor(clerk);
        Consumer cus = new Consumer(clerk);

        new Thread(pro,"生成者 A").start();
        new Thread(cus,"消费者 ").start();
    }
}

class Clerk{

    private int product = 0;

    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();

    public void get(){
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while (product >= 1) {
                System.out.println("产品已满");
                try {
                    //this.wait();
                    condition.await();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + ++product);
            //this.notifyAll();
            condition.signalAll();
        }finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public synchronized void sale(){
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while (product <= 0) {
                System.out.println("缺货");
                try {
                   // this.wait();
                    condition.await();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + --product);
            //this.notifyAll();
            condition.signalAll();
        }finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}

class Productor implements Runnable{

    private Clerk clerk;

    public Productor(Clerk clerk){
        this.clerk = clerk;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 20 ;i++){
            clerk.get();
        }
    }
}

class Consumer implements Runnable{

    private Clerk clerk;

    public Consumer(Clerk clerk){
        this.clerk = clerk;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 20 ; i++) {
            clerk.sale();
        }
    }
}

9.线程按序交替

  9.1 线程按序交替演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class TestABCAlternate {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final AlternateDemo ad = new AlternateDemo();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                for (int i = 1;i<=20;i++){
                    ad.loopA(i);
                }
            }
        },"A").start();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                for (int i = 1;i<=20;i++){
                    ad.loopB(i);
                }
            }
        },"B").start();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                for (int i = 1;i<=20;i++){
                    ad.loopC(i);

                    System.out.println("-----------------------------------");
                }
            }
        },"C").start();
    }
}

class AlternateDemo{

    private int number = 1;

    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private Condition condition1 = lock.newCondition();
    private Condition condition2 = lock.newCondition();
    private Condition condition3 = lock.newCondition();

    public void loopA(int totalLoop){
        lock.lock();
        try {
           // 1. 判断
           if(number != 1){
              condition1.await();
           }
           // 2.打印
            for(int i = 1;i<=5;i++){
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + i +"\t"+ totalLoop);
            }
            number = 2;
            condition2.signal();
        } catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public void loopB(int totalLoop){
        lock.lock();
        try{
            // 1.判断
            if(number != 2){
                condition2.await();
            }

            // 2.打印
            for(int i = 1;i<=15;i++){
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + i +"\t"+ totalLoop);
            }
            number = 3;
            condition3.signal();
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public void loopC(int totalLoop){
        lock.lock();
        try{
            // 1.判断
            if(number != 3){
                condition3.await();
            }

            // 2.打印
            for(int i = 1;i<=20;i++){
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + i +"\t"+ totalLoop);
            }
            number = 1;
            condition1.signal();
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }


}

10.ReadWriteLock 读写锁

  10.1 ReadWriteLock读写锁演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;

/**
 * 1. ReadWriteLock: 读写锁
 * 写写/读写 需要“互斥”
 * 读读不需要互斥
 */
public class TestReadWriteLock {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final ReadWriteLockDemo rw = new ReadWriteLockDemo();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                rw.set((int)(Math.random() * 101 ));
            }
        },"Write:").start();

        for(int i = 0;i<100;i++ ){
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    rw.get();
                }
            },"Read:").start();
        }

    }
}

class ReadWriteLockDemo{

    private int number = 0;

    private ReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();

    public void get(){
        lock.readLock().lock(); // 上锁
        try{
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + number );
        }finally {
            lock.readLock().unlock();
        }
    }

    public void set(int number){
        lock.writeLock().lock();
        try{
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
            this.number = number;
        }finally {
            lock.writeLock().unlock();
        }
    }

}

11.线程八锁

  11.1线程八锁演示示例代码:

package juc;

/**
 * 题目:判断打印的“one” or “two”?
 *
 * 1.两个普通同步方法,两个线程,标准打印,打印 // one two
 * 2.新增Thread.sleep() 给getOne()  ,打印 // one two
 * 3.新增普通方法getThread(),打印 // one two
 * 4.两个普通同步方法,两个Number对象,打印// two one
 * 5.修改getOne() 为静态同步方法,打印 // two one
 * 6.修改两个方法均为静态同步方法,一个Number对象 one two
 * 7.一个静态同步方法,一个非静态同步方法,两个Number对象 two one
 * 8.两个静态同步方法,两个Number对象
 *
 * 线程八锁的关键:
 * ① 非静态方法的锁默认为 this,静态方法的锁对应为Class 实例
 * ② 某一个时刻内,只能有一个线程持有锁,无论几个方法
 */
public class TestThread8Monitor {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final Number number = new Number();
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                number.getOne();
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                number.getTwo();
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                number.getThree();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

class Number{

    public synchronized void getOne(){
        try {
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("One");
    }

    public synchronized void getTwo(){
        System.out.println("Two");
    }

    public void getThree(){
        System.out.println("Three");
    }
}

12.线程池

  12.1 线程池:提供了一个线程队列,队列中保存着所有等待状态的线程,避免了创建与销毁额外开销,提高了响应的速度

  12.2 线程池的体系结构:

    Java.util.concurrent.Executor: 负责线程的使用与调度的根接口;

    |– ExecutorService 子接口: 线程池的主要接口;

      |– ThreadPoolExecutor 线程池的实现类;

      |– ScheduledExecutorService 子接口:负责线程的调度;

        |– ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor:继承ThreadPoolExecutor,实现ScheduledExecutorService;

  12.3 工具类:Executors

    ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool():创建固定大小的线程池;

    ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool():缓存线程池,线程池的数量不固定,可以根据需求自动的更改数量;

    ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor():创建单个线程池,线程池中只有一个线程;

    ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool():创建固定大小的线程,可以延迟或定时的执行任务;

  12.4  线程池演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class TestThreadPool {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        // 1.创建线程池
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5 );

        Future<Integer> future = pool.submit(new Callable<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer call() throws Exception {
                int num = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
                    num +=i;
                }
                return num;
            }
        });

        System.out.println(future.get());

        pool.shutdown();

        /*ThreadPoolDemo tpd = new ThreadPoolDemo();

        // 2.为线程池中的线程分配任务
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
            pool.submit(tpd);
        }

        // 3.关闭线程池
        pool.shutdown();
        */
    }
}
class ThreadPoolDemo implements Runnable{
    private int i = 0;
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int j = 0; j < 20; j++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" +j );
        }
    }
}

  12.5 线程调度演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class TestScheduledThreadPool {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        ScheduledExecutorService pool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
        for(int i = 0;i < 5;i++) {
            Future<Integer> result = pool.schedule(new Callable<Integer>() {
                @Override
                public Integer call() throws Exception {
                    int num = new Random().nextInt(100);
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + num);
                    return num;
                }
            }, 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

            System.out.println(result.get());
        }
        pool.shutdown();
    }
}

13.ForkJoinPool分支/合并框架工作窃取

  13.1 分支合并框架演示示例代码:

package juc;

import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask;
import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveTask;

public class TestForkJoinPool {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ForkJoinPool pool = new ForkJoinPool();
        ForkJoinTask<Long> task = new ForkJoinSumCalculate(0L,100000L);
        Long sum = pool.invoke(task);
        System.out.println(sum);
    }

}
class ForkJoinSumCalculate extends RecursiveTask<Long>{

    private long start;
    private long end;

    private static final long THURSHOLD = 1000L; // 临界值

    public ForkJoinSumCalculate(long start,long end){
        this.start = start;
        this.end = end;
    }

    @Override
    protected Long compute() {
        long length = end - start;

        if(length <= THURSHOLD){
            long sum = 0L;
            for (long i = start; i < end; i++) {
                sum += i;
            }
            return sum;
        }else {
            long middle = (start + end) / 2;
            ForkJoinSumCalculate left = new ForkJoinSumCalculate(start,middle);
            left.fork(); // 进行拆分,同时压入线程队列

            ForkJoinSumCalculate right = new ForkJoinSumCalculate(middle+1,end);
            right.fork(); // 进行拆分,同时压入线程队列

            return left.join() + right.join();
        }

    }
}